What is a mustelid?
Mustelid probably isn’t a word that most people use very often. Everyone has heard of stoats and weasels, but you might be unaware that these carnivorous animals belong to a group of mammals called the mustelids. Other members of the mustelid family in the UK are badger, polecat, pine marten and otter. They are joined by the American mink, which is a non-native mammal that has established itself in Britain, and the occasional escaped domestic ferret.
With the exception of badgers, our mustelids are characteristically long, thin animals with distinctively sharp teeth and black eyes. They share similar character traits, being opportunistic and adaptable, with a naturally inquisitive nature. Most will try their best to avoid contact with humans unless absolutely necessary, though they can all adapt when their survival instincts kick in.
Smaller mustelids can develop a bad reputation amongst those that keep poultry. A free meal is not just appealing to us humans. If they develop a taste for captive birds, outwitting them is essential. But by having a better understanding of their behaviour and ability, it is perfectly possible for us all to live alongside our native predators… and by watching them during a chance encounter, it is very difficult not to admire them as determined, clever characters.
Meet the mustelids
Britain’s most unmistakable mustelid! With a stocky build, long grey and white fur, a long snout and black stripes across their eyes, badgers look very different to the other mustelids. They are quite big, measuring between 60 and 85 cm in length. They are mainly active from dusk until dawn and usually head to open ground to sniff out worms and grubs in fields and meadows. Badger groups use the same trails for many years, sometimes for many generations, so there is a good chance of spotting one by scanning along woodland edges at dusk if there is a sett nearby. Roadside verges also make useful foraging grounds, so drive slowly and keep an eye out for them when driving at night.
Our smallest mustelid is just an average length of around 20 cm, which makes them a challenge to spot. Weasels have a chestnut-brown back, side and face, and a whitish underside. They also have a short, straight chestnut-brown tail. They are often only encountered unexpectedly, when they pop out of a patch of long grass or hedgerow, which could happen at any time of the day. Like the stoat, weasel coats can actually change colour to white during colder winters. This allows them to blend in with snowy surroundings, making them less vulnerable to predation from hawks and owls.
Easily misidentified as a weasel at a glance, stoats are actually much larger – 30 cm or more from nose to tail. Although they have the same colouring as weasels, stoats have a longer tail, which always has a black “paint brush” tip. Like weasels, stoats can be active during the day, particularly when hunting for rabbits and voles: they are feisty and will attempt to hunt animals that are three times their size. They inhabit a wide range of habitats, from woodland to moorland, or even hedgerows. But, like weasels, stoats love areas with old dry-stone walls and mounds of rocks, which provide good cover for them and the prey they need to hunt to survive.
Polecats were sadly eradicated from large areas of the UK as they gained a reputation for being vermin, due to their habit of raiding chicken pens and pheasant farms. Polecats are another size up from stoats, averaging a length of 35-50 cm. They have dark brown coats with lighter guard hairs (the finer hairs against the skin), but their most distinctive feature is their bandit mask – a dark band across their eyes. Fortunately, our polecat population is in recovery. Polecats have spread east from their strongholds in Wales and can be spotted on moors, farmland and even bogs. Occasionally, they will show up in suburban gardens too, particularly where there are good populations of small rodents.
Domestic ferret
Domestic ferrets were bred from wild polecats to be used for hunting rabbits. They also became increasingly popular pets, largely due to their inquisitive and intelligent manners. Many escapees spread across the English countryside over the latter half of the 20th century, and it was thought that most reported polecat sightings were actually feral ferrets. The ferrets have now been displaced by the slightly bulkier and darker wild polecat in most western parts of England.
A tree-climbing master, the pine marten, like other mustelids, was once persecuted to the point of extinction in England and Wales. A population held on in the Caledonian forests of central Scotland and has slowly spread to other parts of the country. Pine martens have been the subject of translocation projects, with small numbers officially being released in west Wales and the Forest of Dean, but other small populations have also been discovered in other parts of England, including Hampshire and Shropshire. Pine martens are around the same length as the average house cat, have a chocolate brown coat, pointy ears and a long bushy tail. They also have a cream patch on their chest and neck known as a bib. They’re mainly active at dusk and until dawn. Pine martens are more easily spotted during the summer months, when they become more active during daylight hours as they venture down from trees and other hiding places to patrol territories and hunt for a meal.
Otters are bigger than you might think, growing up to a metre in length from their nose to the end of their long, pointed tail. They have made a comeback in recent years, and are now present in all counties of the UK, which is an impressive turnaround for a creature that was approaching England-wide extinction in the 1970s. Otters require a large amount of riparian (rivers and streams) habitat, which must have plenty of safe places to rest, rear young, and to find fish, amphibians, small mammals, and birds to feed on. Like the other native mustelids, otters aren’t always easy to spot, but they are being seen more often on rivers in surprisingly urban areas, particularly around small weirs, which make excellent hunting grounds. Occasionally, otters venture into garden ponds where ornamental fish are kept; often a long distance from rivers and other watercourses.
This invasive mustelid is present on rivers across much of the UK after many escaped, or were released, from fur farms in the 1960s and 1970s. Much smaller than an otter and closer to a polecat in size, mink have a dark brown to black coat, small ears and a floppy black tail (unlike an otter’s tail, which is always very pointed). Active during the day and night, they can show up anywhere, but it is usual to see them when exploring canals and small streams. Mink can have a devastating impact on local wildlife in the places they establish themselves and contribute to the reduction of river birds like kingfishers and small mammals such as water voles. Nation-wide efforts are regularly made to control mink numbers, but they are intelligent and adaptable mammals, so it is likely that they are here to stay.
Enjoying mustelids responsibly
Badgers and their setts are protected, so care should always be taken to avoid disturbing them. Polecats, pine martens and otters and their dens are also protected under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981, which means that it is an offence to disturb them unless a license has been issued in special circumstances.
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